Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Layering
1.3 TCP/IP Layering
1.4 lnternet Addresses
1.5 The Domain Name System
1.6 Encapsulation
1.7 Demultiplexing
1.8 Client--Server Model
1.9 Port Numbers
1.10 Standardization Process
1.11 RFCs
1.12 Standard, Simple Services
1.13 The Internet
1.14 Implementations
1.15 Application Programming Interfaces
1.16 Test Network
1.17 Summary

Chapter 2. Link Layer

2.1 lntroduction
2.2 Ethernet and IEEE 802 EncapsuIation
2.3 Trailer Encapsulation
2.4 SLlP: Serial Line IP
2.5 Compressed SLIP
2.6 PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol
2.7 Loopback Interface
2.8 MTU
2.9 Path MTU
2.10 Serial Line Throughput Calculations
2.11 Summary

Chapter 3. IP: Internet Protocol

3.1 Introduction
3.2 IP Header
3.3 IP Routing
3.4 Subnet Addressing
3.5 Subnet Mask
3.6 Special Case IP Addfesses
3.7 A Subnet Example
3.8 Ifconfiq Command
3.9 netstat Command
3.10 IP Futures
3.11 Summary

Chapter 4. ARP: Address Resolution Protocol

4.1 Introduction
4.2 An Example
4.3 ARP Cache
4.4 ARP Packet Format
4.5 ARP Examples
4.6 Proxy ARP
4.7 Gratuitous ARP
4.8 arp Command
4.9 Summary

Chapter 5. RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

5.1 tntroduction
5.2 RARP Packet Format
5.3 RARP Examples
5.4 RARP Server Design
5.5 Summary

Chapter 6. ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol

6.1 Introduction
6.2 ICMP Message Types
6.3 ICMP Address Mask Request and Reply
6.4 ICMP Timestamp Request and Reply
6.5 ICMP Port Unreachable Error
6.6 4.4BSD Processing of ICMP Messages
6.7 Summary

Chapter 7. Ping Program

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Ping Program
7.3 IP Record Route Option
7.4 IP Timestamp Option
7.5 Summary

Chapter 8. Traceroute Program

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Traceroute Program Operation
8.3 LAN Output
8.4 WAN Output
8.5 IP Source Routing Option
8.6 Summary

Chapter 9. IP Routing

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Routing Prlnciples
9.3 ICMP Host and Network UnreachabIe Errors
9.4 To Forward or Not to Forward
9.5 ICMP Redirect Errors
9.6 ICMP Router Discovery Messages
9.7 Summary

Chapter 10. Dynamic Routing Protocols

10.1 Intfoduction
10.2 Dynamic Routing
10.3 Unix Routing Daemons
10.4 RIP: Routing Information Protocol
10.5 RIP Version 2
10.6 OSPF:Open Shortest Paih First
10.7 BGP:Border Gateway Protocol
10.8 CIDR:Classless Interdomain Routing
10.9 Summary

Chapter 11. UDP: User Datagram Protocol

11.1 Introduction
11.2 UDP Header
11.3 UDP Checksum
11.4 A Simple Example
11.5 IP Fragmentation
11.6 ICMP Unreachable Error (Fragmentation Required)
11.7 Determining the Path MTU Using Traceroute
11.8 Path MTU Dlscovery with UDP
11.9 Interaction Between UDP and ARP
11.10 Maximum UDP Datagram Size
11.11 ICMP Source Quench Error
11.12 UDP Server Design
11.13 Summary

Chapter 12. Broadcasting and Multicasting

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Broadcasting
12.3 Broadcasting Examples
12.4 Multicasting
12.5 Summary

Chapter 13. IGMP: lnternet Group Management Protocol

13.1 Introduction
13.2 IGMP Message
13.3 IGMP Protocol
13.4 An Example
13.5 Summary

Chapter 14. DNS: The Domain Name System

14.1 Introduction
14.2 DNS Basics
14.3 DNS Message Format
14.4 A Simple Example
14.5 Pointer Queries
14.6 Resource Records
14.7 Caching
14.8 UDP or TCP
14.9 Another Example
14.10 Summary

Chapter 15. TFTP: Trivial File Transfer Protocol

15.1 Introduction
15.2 ProtocoI
15.3 An Examp1e
15.4 Security
15.5 Summary

Chapter 16. BOOTP: Bootstrap Protocol

16.1 Introduction
16.2 BOOTP Packet Format
16.3 An Example
16.4 BOOTP Server Design
16,5 BOOTP Through a Router
16.6 Vendor-Specific Information
16.7 Summary

Chapter 17. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol

17.1 Introduction
17.2 TCP Services
17.3 TCP Header
17.4 Summary

Chapter 18. TCP Connection Establishment and Termination

18.1 Introduction
18.2 Connection Establishment and Termination
18.3 Timeout of Connection Establishment
18.4 Maximum Segment Size
18.5 TCP Half-Close
18.6 TCP State Transition Diagram
18.7 Reset Segments
18.8 Simultaneous Open
18.9 Simultaneous Close
18.10 TCP Options
18.11 TCP Server Desjgn
18.12 Summary

Chapter 19. TCP lnteractive Data Flow

19.1 Introduction
19.2 Interactive Input
19.3 Delayed Acknowledgments
19.4 Nagle Algorithm
19.5 Window Size Advertisements
19.6 Summary

Chapter 20. TCP Bulk Data Flow

20.1 Introduction
20.2 Normal Data Flow
20.3 Sliding Windows
20.4 Window Size
20.5 PUSH Flag
20.6 Slow Start
20.7 Bulk Data Throughput
20.8 Urgent Mode
20.9 Summary

Chapter 21. TCP Timeout and Retransmission

21.1 lntroduction
21.2 Simple Timeout and Retransmission Example
21.3 Round-Trip Time Measurement
21.4 An RTT Example
21.5 Congestion Example
21.6 Congestion AVOldance Algorithm
21.7 Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery Algorithms
21.8 Congestion Example (Continued)
21.9 Per-Route Metrics
21.10 ICMP Errors
21.11 Repacketization
21.12 Summary

Chapter 22. TCP Persist Timer

22.1 Introduction
22.2 An ExampIe
22.3 Silly Window Syndrome
22.4 Summary

Chapter 23. TCP Keepalive Timer

23.1 Introduction
23.2 Description
23.3 KeepaIive Examples
23.4 Summary

Chapter 24. TCP Futures and Performance

24.1 Introduction
24.2 Path MTU Discovery
24.3 Long Fat Pipes
24.4 Window Scale Option
24.5 Timestamp Option
24.6 PAWS:Protection Against Wrapped Sequence Numbers
24.7 T/TCP: A TCP Extension for Transactions
24.8 TCP Performance
24.9 Summary

Chapter 25. SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol

25.1 Introduction
25.2 Protocol
25.3 Structure of Management Information
25.4 Object Identjfiers
25.5 Introductfon to the Management Information Base
25.6 Instance Identification
25.7 SimpIe Examples
25.8 Management Information Base (Continued)
25.9 Additional Examples
25.10 Traps
25.11 ASN.1 and BER
25.12 SNMP Version 2
25.13 Summary

Chapter 26. Telnet and Rlogin: Remote Login

26.1 Introduction
26.2 Rlogin Protocol
26.3 Rlogin Examples
26.4 Telnet Protocol
26.5 Telnet Examples
26.6 Summary

Chapter 27. FTP: File Transfer Protocol

27.1 Introduction
27.2 FTP Protocol
27.3 FTP Examples
27.4 Summary

Chapter 28. SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

28.1 Introduction
28.2 SMTP Protocol
28.3 SMTP Examples
28.4 SMTP Futures
28.5 Summary

Chapter 29. NFS: Network FiIe System

29.1 Introduction
29.2 Sun Remote Procedure Call
29.3 XDR:External Data Representation
29.4 Port Mapper
29.5 NFS Protocol
29.6 NFS Examples
29.7 NFS Version 3
29.8 Summary

Chapter 30. Other TCP/IP Applications

30.1 Introduction
30.2 Finger Protocol
30.3 Whols Protocol
30.4 Archie, WAIS, Gopher, Veronica, and WWW
30.5 X Window System
30.6 Summary

Appendix A. The tcpdump Program

A.1 BSD Packet Filter
A.2 SunOS Network Interface Tap
A.3 SVR4 Data Link Provider Interface
A.4 tcpdump Output
A.5 Security Considerations
A.6 Socket Debug Option

Appendix B. Computer Clocks

Appendix C. The sock Program

Appendix D. Solutions to Selected Exercises

Appendix E. Configurable Options

E.1 BSD/386 Version 1.0
E.2 SunOS 4.1.3
E.3 System V Release 4
E.4 Solaris 2.2
E.5 AIX 3.2.2
E.6 4.4BSD

Appendix F Source Code Availability

Bibliography

Index